Essay on Context Wisdom and Antigone - 812 Words

Younger people have tended to look towards the elderly for wisdom and guidance since the beginning of recorded history and beyond. Students to teachers, children to parents, ordinary people to royalty and politicians – generally those who have lived longer are not only believed, but expected to have garnered more knowledge in their longer lives. Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday. Also, in 2008 the Australian newspaper published an article detailing a study undertaken by the University of Aarhus in Denmark, which disproved the theory that the mind is at its peak in the late teens to mid-twenties. But all this is not to say that older people should not sometimes listen†¦show more content†¦In this sense he fails, placing the laws of the state above the the great unwritten, unshakable traditions of the Gods. The values and criteria that Creon declared, he did not live up to. Citizens of a country, state or municipality elect political leaders to look after matters that a populace cannot by themselves. They are chosen because of their wisdom, and experience – which usually comes with age. In city-states such as Thebes, the king would be have the final say – complete power. However leaders in a democracy such as Australia’s are surrounded by advisors, fellow politicians, the cabinet, and also the media who are ready to pounce on the slightest misgiving from any of them. At present, humanity has vast amounts of knowledge, but still very little wisdom. Buckminster Fuller called this time our final evolutionary exam. Is our species fit to survive? Can we develop the wisdom that will allow us to use our prodigious powers for our own good, and for that of many generations to come? The question then arises: What can we do to facilitate the development of wisdom? This is where the wisdom traditions—the spiritual traditions found throughout human culture—have their value. They are often seen as simply religions, but most of the great religions were seeded by wise people, people who had, in one way or another, awoken to the deeper truths of life and then sought to share their wisdom withShow MoreRelatedSophocles Antigone: 441-442bc1285 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the gods, and the individual. The drama of Antigone reflects these concerns in the context it was written through various ways. Athens in the middle of the fifth century BC was at the peak of its power. It attracted foreigners, writers and artists through its wealth, customs and more importantly the freedom of a democracy. However, there was tension between Sparta and Greece. The Greeks, especially the Athenians, represented freedom, wisdom and moderation and strongly opposed to the tyrannicalRead MorePlatos Socrates and Sophocles Antigone - Similarities1704 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintain order. Authorities had to maintain a self-survival attitude, which consisted of putting away those few that could challenge their power and create chaos. Both Antigone of Sophocles and Socrates of Plato are examples of threat to the socio-political order or their respective societies. Antigone is a woman in the context of fifth-century Athens, Greece who challenges the socio-political orders of the city in name of a blood relationship, which through her eyes is sacred in the name of theRead MorePride And Stubbornness In Oedipus Rex And Antigone By Sophocles1111 Words   |  5 Pagesrepairs the evil. The only crime is pride.† As a writer, Sophocles examined the interactions between truth and ignorance. He wrote plays in which the hero has a tragic flaw, many times that being the lack of wisdom caused by many different character flaws. In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Antigone, pride and stubbornness obstruct the senses of Oedipus and Creon in a classic play about seeing the truth. Sophocles delves into the meaning of seeing, in a conventional way, and also in terms of insight. PrideRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Nature Of Love, Suffering, And Wisdom1698 Words   |  7 Pagesexpect, and this is obvious in the very different applications of love in different books. However, one common idea about the relationship between love, suffering, and wisdom, can be argued for based off the ancient texts that we read. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Antigone, and The Tale of Genji, love is used as a vehicle for wisdom through suffering and loss. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, it is initially Enkidu’s and Gilgamesh’s love for each other that causes them to become better people. Gilgamesh becomesRead More Set Design for Antigone and how it Helps the Audience Understand the Themes1385 Words   |  6 PagesOutline your set design for Antigone and say how it would help a present day audience to understand the plays themes and atmosphere. For the set design of Antigone, I need to think about how everything links together to provide a complete picture, interacting the actors with set, colour scale. If I was designing the set for a performance this play at college, I would have it performed in the theatre studio in Notre Dame college, it is a linear square space approximately 8metres x 8metresRead MoreHuman Law Vs. Divine Law1487 Words   |  6 Pageseither human law or divine law. The play â€Å"Antigone†, by Sophocles, shows the complexity of this certain concept of morality. Antigone must determine whether she should defy King Creon’s law in order to bury her brother, Polynices, or reject her own religious beliefs in order to maintain in the King’s good graces. At the same time, King Creon also has to determine what is right and wrong; he must decide if he should imprison and give the death sentence to Antigone for defying the law, or let her go freeRead MoreEssay about Plato and Aristotles Definition of Art1274 Words   |  6 Pagesheld incompatible and sometimes opposing views on the matter. Their views were greatly influenced by their metaphysical beliefs, as were most philosophical theories at the time. In investigating the two philosophers’ conceptions, Sophocles’ trag edy Antigone will be the subject on which they’ll be examined critically. In order to grasp Aristotle’s views on art it is important to look at his metaphysics first. However, since his metaphysics are essentially a response to the theories of his teacher,Read MoreEssay about The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone There has always been a great debate over who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone. Many scholars would stake claim to Antigone possessing all the necessary characteristics of a true tragic hero, but many others would argue that Creon holds many qualities as well. It is hard to discount Antigone as a tragic hero, because in fact, the play bears her name, but from careful reading, Creon meets Aristotles criteria exactly and fitsRead MoreAntigone : A Greek Tragic Playwright1761 Words   |  8 PagesAntigone is a Greek tragic playwright, set in a classical era of time. During this period, the city of Thebes is completely organized around strict gender roles and religion. There are also expectations that the citizens are expected to meet through abiding by the rules. In this regard, this essay will look at the playwright, on aspects touching on the issues of interest, the historical context, the insight gained among others. The situation of the two sisters: Antigone and Ismene, who are comfortingRead MoreWhat Have You Learned About The Act Of Reading And Interpreting A Text / Story1966 Words   |  8 Pagesof different ways. They have also educated me on topics that I was unaware of. For example, we had a few classmates who have read previous stories that involved the characters of Antigone. They were able to break down the previous stories which helped our class understand the background of Antigone. They offered context to help break down the characters and their role, the setting/ time period, and how the connection of other characters play into the storyline. 2. Drawing from multiple

Module for Grade English Free Essays

Selection of Purposes for Collaboration Estimated Time: 10 minutes Choose a unit that you would like to make more collaborative. Review the learning objectives for your unit and brainstorm which objectives might be suitable as purposes for collaboration. Teaching Unit Objectives Suitable for Collaboration Unit 4- The Wedding Dance by Matador Adagio Perform the tribal dance of the lawful Present a choral singing of the song â€Å"Letting Go† Make a travelogue about Baggie City featuring the alfalfa belief, customs and traditions Activity 4: Collaborators and Tools Estimated Time: 20 minutes Describe your plan for Including collaboration In your unit In the table below. We will write a custom essay sample on Module for Grade English or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Note: If you have multiple collaborative activities, with unique dimensions, you may want to create separate tables for each by copying and pasting the table for another set. ) Note: You will complete the Digital Tool section of your plan in Module 3. Purpose Scope Type Collaborators Digital Tool To maximize the participation of the students In their group activity Each group will be given 20 malls. Per session which will last for a week to prepare for the presentation Group actively Students of Grade 7-A Tribal dance- (You Tube) Travelogue- (Yahoo, Google, Electronic Publication) Brief Description of Possible Collaborative Activity(sees): -Students who belong to the group of tribal dance will research on the internet particularly in you tube on how to perform the dance, one of them may act as the choreographer, costume designer, technical director and the others will be the dancers -For the choral singing group, they may open the You Tube to search for the lyric, tone and singer of the song or they may refer to a recorded music, to maximize their participation, one of them may act as the conductress, musician, costume signer, technical director and the rest are choral singers. – The travelogue group, they will use the electronic publication software for the lay out of the travelogue. They may also surf on the internet for the beliefs, customs and traditions of the lawful or they may search for the photos of Baggie City to be included in their travelogue. One of them may be the editor, feature writer, photographer, lay out artist, researcher, compiler, the money keeper, the auditor and the rest are the presenters to be able to maximize the participation of each. Lesson 3: Assessment in Collaborative Classrooms Activity 3: Self- and Peer Assessment of Collaboration Describe how you might use the collaboration assessments you saved. Assessment How You Will Use It K-W-L-H Chart At the start of the discussion, I will let the students fill in the K-W-L chart for their assign activity and use this information in planning what to teach Collaboration Checklist Students will fill out collaboration checklist after each activity to assess how much monitor their progress individually. Problem solving checklist Students will fill out this checklist after each activity to monitor the difficulties that they have encountered during the project. They will exchange checklist with their group mates to be able to evaluate if they have the same difficulty and will find solution to the problem. I will use this checklist to identify the difficulty of the project and be able to adjust my activities. Lesson 4: Module Review Activity 1: Module Summary Think about the design of collaborative activities and the assessment of collaboration skills as you reflect on your learning in this module. Designing a collaborative activity is not an easy task. We must consider how to group the learners, what would be our basis in grouping them, what activity must suit to the opacities of the learners per group and how are we going to assess their work since it is a group activity. Aside from that, we must closely monitor each learner while doing the activity because sometimes we cannot avoid misunderstanding to occur between or among group mates which if not immediately address, results to ruined or unfinished activity. I am happy that I have gained a lot of ideas on how to improve the design of my collaborative activities with the integration of the online tools. Hope I can learn more about on line tools so that I can apply them to my learners very soon. How to cite Module for Grade English, Papers

Auditing Protect Public Interest

Question: Discuss about the Auditing for Protect Public Interest. Answer: Part- A ASA 700 is an auditing standard that is issued and offered by the Auditing and Assurance Standard Board in order to protect public interest. This standard means forming an opinion and reporting on the financial statements of a company that are in accordance with regulatory and essential requirements together with their provisions. It is equivalent to ISA 700 and considers an auditors roles and responsibilities while establishing an opinion and reporting on the companys financial statements (Azim, 2013). The key requirements of ASA 700 are: Formation of an opinion on the financial statements Whether the companys financial reports are prepared in accordance with the statutory frameworks or not, ASA requires such opinion. Formation of opinion Here, an auditor is bound to form an opinion depicting the financial statements of the company are in compliance with GAAP and present a true and fair view. Auditors report An auditors report is often a written one and it accommodates his opinion along with the support of such opinion and other significant matters too (Roach, 2010). Inclusion of additional information in the financial reports Such inclusion of additional details come under the influence of statutory frameworks and must be included in an auditors opinion of the financial reports of the company. Different kinds of audit opinion and their reasons An audit opinion implies a certification that accompanies the companys financial statements based on an audit of the accountants opinion. It considers every financial methods, records and information that forms part of the report (Heeler, 2009). It is manifold and can be divided into four parts that are unqualified, qualified, disclaimer and adverse audit opinion. Unqualified Such an opinion arises when an auditor makes a judgement that the financial statements and records of a company are fairly and appropriately presented. This kind of opinion is generally found to be granted based on the internal control measures of a company. In order to obtain such opinion, management has to establish the effectiveness of sound information and internal control measures in the company (Hoffelder, 2012). But, it completely depends upon an auditor to investigate and evaluate the truthfulness of such effectiveness prior to providing such an opinion. Qualified Such an opinion is an auditors statement issued after the audit procedures that states the information provided by the company is limited in scope and/or proper maintenance of GAAP principles are not done. These exclusions are usually indicated by the auditor in a different paragraph (Parker et. al, 2011). Disclaimer Disclaimer implies that opinion where the audit procedures are incomplete due to lack of adequate financial information and cooperation from the companys side. Furthermore, this opinion comprises inadequate audit of the companys financial statements that do not comply with the required auditing standards (Christensen, 2011). Adverse This opinion clearly portrays the failure of compliance of GAAP principles by the company. It also assumes that the information present in the financial statements is falsified. Hence, an adverse opinion can affect the development of a company as it indicates prevalence of serious frauds (IFAC, 2015). Therefore, companies must take appropriate steps to resolve the problems in order to get a fresh opinion. Part- B Connor Company is relying on the bank overdrafts so that its outstanding debts can be paid off. As the company is encountering negative cash flows, it cannot arrange required funds and as a result, it will further face difficulties while repaying the overdraft amount. In this case, I would provide an adverse opinion, as variations in financial position and operation outcomes are not consider that make it non-compliant with GAAP (Cappelleto, 2014). In this case, I would provide an unqualified opinion to the local company as it has no reservation associated to the financial statements and these statements can present a true and fair view of the companys position in accordance with GAAP (Cappelleto, 2014). In this case, I would provide a qualified opinion to the Victorian Manufacturing Company because an invalid standpoint has been adopted by the auditor that is assuming that value of markets remained sustained since last five years. Hence, the companys financial statements deviate from GAAP principles, thereby failing to present a true and fair view (Nicolaescu, 2013). 2 Internal Control Systems Internal control problems in the Adels Company are: The hourly pay rate is written manually by the foreman for fresh recruits in the same form made for declaration of income-tax installments. No documentary proof is prevalent for the pay-rate adjustment that is verbally suggested by foreman to the payroll authorities. On the timesheet, every worker fills their arrival and time of departure along with their names with a pencil that can be easily altered if immediate variations are required (Cappelleto, 2010). The timesheets of fresh employees are kept in a box that is placed near the factory gate and it is not a safe place. Cards are distributed between two clerks in alphabetical order that results in disparate distribution. Foreman must be provided details of the cheque statement and his signature must be obtained on receipt of cheques in same copy of statement so that appropriate proof can be established. Control tests for errors in part- a For testing the first error, fresh recruits hourly-pay rate must be maintained in a different sheet in writing by the foreman and it must be dated and signed by him so that records can be maintained. For testing the second error, a same document with proper date and sign and in writing must be provided to payroll authorities by the foreman so that data can be verified. For testing the third error, pen must be used instead of pencil as it makes the records long lasting, non-manipulative and understandable (Brown et. al, 2014). For testing the fourth error, box with timesheets must be placed under the observation of a supervisory to avoid mishandling. For testing the fifth error, cards must be distributed numerically instead of alphabetically so that disparate distribution can be prevented and a record of every cheque provided to the foreman can be established (Brown et. al, 2014). References Azim, M.I 2013, Independent Auditors Report: Australian Trends from 1996 to 2010, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 356. Brown, L.H., Mason, S. Shelton, S 2014, The effect of reliance on third-party specialists under varying levels of internal control effectiveness on the audit of fair value measurements, Working paper, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J. 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting, Pearson Press Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. IFAC 2015, Strengthening organizations, Advancing Economies, viewed 16 September 2016, https://www.ifac.org/auditing-assurance/clarity-center/clarified-standards. Nicolaescu, E., 2013, Understanding Risk Factors for Weaknesses in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting, Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.38-44. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14. Roach, L 2010, Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements, Pearson.

The stock market crash of 1929

Introduction The 1929 stock market crash led to the Great depression. Prior to the stock market crash capital in America was represented in form of stocks. Typically, corporations owned capital, which was in the form shares of stock. Investors traded their stocks at the New York stock exchange located on Wall Street. However, the stocks crashed in 1929 and affected the American economy greatly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The stock market crash of 1929 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cause of the crash Overpriced stocks The value of stocks in the stock exchange market rose sharply to unprecedented levels in the 1920s. Consequently, between 1920 and 1929, the value of stocks more than quadrupled and investors’ interest in the stocks was aroused greatly and many borrowed huge amounts of many to invest in stocks. The investors purchased the stocks on margin. They bought on the margin because they were of the belief that the prices of the stock would remain on an upward trend and thus speculation rose and many investors bought the stocks. Eventually the prices began to fall when perceptive investors traded of their stocks. Thus, the high priced stocks were temporal (Bierman 1). Due to the falling stock prices, panic selling began and the value of stocks dropped drastically. Impact of stock crash on the economy The United States economy was greatly affected by the stock market crash. Both individuals and businesses had invested heavily in stocks and thus after the crash they lost their money. Many businesses closed down and individuals did not have money to purchase goods from those businesses that were still operational. The then president Hoover signed a treaty that increased tariff rates with the signing of the Smooth Hawley tariff. Consequently, other nations shunned American goods due to exorbitant prices Investors The sudden crash of the stock affected investors who had borrowe d money to invest in stocks greatly. Generally, the people could no longer afford to buy goods and the demand for the goods declined sharply. People felt poor because their stocks had lost value at the stock market and thus could not afford to buy goods. Furthermore, they could not make new investments because they could not sell the stocks due to people loss of trust in the stocks (Stock Market Crash 1). Banks Banks were greatly affected by the stock crash and chaos reigned in the banking sector. To begin with, banks rushed out to collect debts from investors who had borrowed to invest in the stock market yet their stocks had very little value. In addition, the banks had not been left behind in investing in the stock market and most had deposited huge amounts of money in stocks. Consequently, depositors also hurried to the banks to withdraw their money from the banks after learning that the banks also had huge deposits in the stock market in a bid to save their savings. The banks w ere hit hard by the huge savings collections and the Federal Reserve System could not bail all banks out. Thus, many banks started to fall between 1932 and 1933 (Stock Market Crash 1). The banking system in American had almost grinded to a halt in 1993 when Franklin Roosevelt took office. The depositors had lost about $140 billion after banks closures. Therefore, people did not accept payments in checks because it was not easy to tell which checks had worth (Stock Market Crash 1).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How long it lasted The chaos caused by the 1929 stock market crash lasted for about four years. After taking office Roosevelt ordered banks to close for three days and during this period, measures were taken to correct the situation and prevent it from recurring in the future. For instance, few banks that reopened had strict withdrawal limits. Ultimately, sanity and confidence b egan to return to the banking systems. Conclusion The stock market crash in 1929 was great lesson to the American government on how not to run the banking system. Many measures were in place to ensure that banks would not put their customers’ deposits at risk by investing in the stock market. The measures would prevent a crash in stocks with similar magnitudes in the future. Works Cited Bierman, Harold. The 1929 stock market crash. eh.net. 05 Feb. 2010. Web. Stock Market Crash. pbs.org. n.d. Web. This essay on The stock market crash of 1929 was written and submitted by user Black Tarantula to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Objected Oriented Programming Paper Essays

Objected Oriented Programming Paper Essays Objected Oriented Programming Paper Essay Objected Oriented Programming Paper Essay Objected Oriented Programming Paper IT/218 May 13, 2012 Farhad Malek-Asghar When it comes to writing a program there are so many ways a person can approach the problem. Think of it this way, a chef following a recipe can look at the ingredients and decided to add more of one thing and less of another or the chef can follow the recipe exactly. As long as the chef uses common logic on blending foods the dish will come out correctly. The same is true when building a program. A programmer has many tools to choose from to make it more or less complicated. The programmer also has several tools to choose from to ensure the program runs. So let me go over some of these essential tools right now and how they relate to one another. The first tool a programmer has to work with is called Structures. According to Cprogramming. com (1997), Structures are a way of storing many different values in variables of potentially different types under the same name. This makes it a more modular program, which is easier to modify because its design makes things more compact. So in retrospect they are inherently more useful when a lot of data needs to be grouped together like large databases. Next we have Classes. According to Cprogramming. com (1997), Classes are collections of data related to a single object type. Classes not only include information regarding the real world object, but also functions to access the data, and classes possess the ability to inherit from other classes. Try to think of Classes as a television. Public parts of the classes can relate to the parts ofa television that people tend to use. An example of this would be the volume or channel changing buttons. Each function is essential in the overall operation of the television and so is true about Classes. Then you have Unions. According to Microsoft (2012), A Union is a structure like type that is provided in C to members, and read from them, in the same manner. However, members of a structure occupy adjacent areas of memory, but members of a union share the same data space. Unions are a great way of saving memory, especially when running programs across multiple servers but they should be used cautiously due to that that assigning values to one Union can essentially affect the others. Next in your tool box is something called Inheritance which is an important feature of any class especially when it comes to object oriented programming. Inheritance allows you to create a hierarchy of classes, with various classes of more specific natures inheriting the general aspects of more generalized classes (Cprogramming. com, 1997). Think of a Bear Class and how it relates toa Public Animal. From there you can Just add on to or take away from depending on which way you want to go. Then there is Objects and how they relate to the rest of the tools in the object oriented programming bag. Stroustrup (1992), In C++, an object is a region of storage with associated semantics. Objects are usually referred to by references, which are aliases for an object. If you think how Classes and Objects are related, they basically define the behavior of objects within a program. Finally you have Polymorphism which is a very powerful feature in object oriented programming. According to exforsys (2000), Polymorphism is the ability to use an operator or method in different ways. Polymorphism gives different meanings or functions to the operators or methods. In short it refers to the operations, codes, or objects that are essentially different. When it comes to object oriented programming these are some of the important ools a programmer has in their arsenal. Like I stated before at the beginning of my paper programming or writing a code is like a chef creating a dish from a recipe. Each ingredient or in this case tools add different flavors to the program or code. Essentially tying everything together allowing the program to run. It does not matter whether or not you are an experience chef or programmer to make it work. All you need to do is be organized in your thoughts and actions, utilizing the tools available to you. References Cprogramming. com. (1997). Structures in C++. Retrieved from http://

Free sample - Determinism. translation missing

Determinism. DeterminismFree will is the supposed ability of people to make choices freely from any kind of constraints. Will is usually paired with reason as one of two complementary activities of the human mind. The human will is considered the faculty of making choices and decisions, whereas reason is that of deliberation and argument. Determinism on the other hand is the concept that events within a given standard are bound by relations in such a way that any state of an object or event is, to some large extent, determined by prior states. Hence determinism is the name of a broader philosophical view that hypothesizes that every event, including decision, human behavior, and action is causally determined by previous events. In philosophical arguments, the concept of determinism in the domain of human action is often contrasted with free will. Determinists believe that the universe is entirely governed by causal laws resulting in only one possible state at any point in time. They normally assume that every event has a preceding cause in an endless causal sequence dating from the beginning of the universe. This therefore leads to the position that free will and determinism are logically incompatible, and thus the belief that people do not have free will. The principle of alternate possibilities states that, a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he had an alternate choice. So for someone to be justly praised for keeping his promise to another, he must have been capable of breaking that promise, even if not at all inclined or likely to do so. Conversely, if breaking the promise is genuinely impossible, perhaps due to strong hypnosis, then he warrants no moral praise for keeping it. The principle of Alternate Possibilities thus identifies the availability of alternative actions to the agent as a necessary condition of that agent bearing moral responsibility for his actual actions. Frankfurt’s counterexample infers that a person is not morally responsible for what he has done if he could not have done otherwise a point with which he takes issue. Our theoretical ability to do otherwise, therefore, does not necessarily make it possible for us to do otherwise. These counterexamples are significant because they suggest an alternative way to defend determinism and this it does by using examples of agents who are intuitively responsible for their behavior even though they lack the freedom to act otherwise. To understand Frankfurt’s arguments, it is important to know his conception of free will is based on a major distinction between first order and second order desires. First order desires also known as Highers include the desire to own a new car, to meet the president, or to smoke a cigarette. A second order desire is in essence a desire for a desire. So, for instance, you might have a first order desire to drink alcohol; and a second order desire that you desire not to drink alcohol. A second order desire might be or might not be a desire that its corresponding first order desire be effective. Frankfurt therefore bases freedom on two aspects. Firstly, there is the aspect that a person’s actions are free in so far as they stem from their desires; that is, if they had desired differently, they would have acted differently. According to Frankfurt this is just freedom of action. Also a person has freedom of will. This is the ability by a person to control their desires and bring their first order desires into line with the second order desires. This is in essence means that we do not have free will because our desires are cause by other happenings. Hence the truth of determinism is validated.

Taking the position that increased vending machine regulation in Essay

Taking the position that increased vending machine regulation in public schools is a good idea - Essay Example One major problem regarding children’s health is the huge quantity of sugary and high calorie food that is available to them at school. Vending machines are not supervised so it is hard to stop children from eating or drinking as much of these types of food or drink as they want. And since children don’t know what is best for them, this can often be a lot. A number of recent studies have shown the negative role vending machines play in children’s health, and in this essay I will look at some of their arguments. Part of the reason why the issue of vending machines is on the radar these days is because obesity is becoming more and more of a problem in the United States. Obesity can lead to diseases like Type-2 Diabetes. According to Amy Virus, a registered dietitian, â€Å"[m]iddle schools students are at particular risk, because they are going through puberty, their physical activity and dietary habits are fluctuating . . .†1 It doesn’t help that there is temptation around every corner, with as many as 75 per cent of middle schools possessing vending machines which sell sugary drinks and fatty snacks. With all the emotion going on in their lives, it is not surprising that children going through puberty might reach out to enjoy some â€Å"comfort food.† Some might call them â€Å"comfort foods,† but others might call them â€Å"competitive foods,† as the U.S. Department of Agriculture does. These are â€Å"foods offered at school other than meals served through USDA school mean programs—school breakfast, school lunch, and after-school snack programs.†2 Because the USDA is responsible to parents and taxpayers, it is careful to provide healthy options for school meals. Plus, this food is being given out by employees and teachers. If a student comes back to the cafeteria for a fourth helping of food, the staff can easily say, â€Å"You’ve had enough to eat.† But those who stock vending machines aren’t responsible to anyone: they just want

Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project 3 - Essay Example Samples are subjects chosen from a specified population for investigation purposes in statistics. A random sample has also been defined as the sample in which every component of the whole population has an equal opportunity of being selected (Black 220). Babbie describes the process of random sampling as the basic sampling method assumed in nearly all statistical computations (211). The process and steps that will be taken to collect data in such a way to actually take a random sample include: 1. Establishing a sampling framework drawn from the population. This framework is used to represents the population and findings from it will be used as an assumption of what actually takes place in the whole population. 2. Numbering the members of the population, for example if we want a random sample of three hundred people from a population of eleven thousand, we number the people from one to nine hundred and eighty. After the numbering our task shall be to select a simple random sample of 300 people out of the population totaling 11,000, A survey was undertaken to determine the attitude of undergraduate ISU students towards cheating. This section provides the summarized data and analysis. From the survey conducted seventy one out of the ninety-seven students would major if offered through the college of business. This represents 73.2% of the student population out of 26.8% who would not major if offered through the college of business. Out of the students interviewed thirty three were female and sixty four were male. This represented a ratio of 34.02% to 65.98% of female to male students. Out of this population, fifty-three students representing 55.79% admitted that they had taken at least one distance education course. The other 44.21% admitted that they had not. The analysis for questions five to seventeen is provided in the table below: From the table

The Sons Veto Essay Example for Free

The Sons Veto Essay The Son’s Veto is a short novel written by Thomas Hardy. The three protagonists in the story are Sophy, Sam and Randolph. Sophy is from a lower class background however marries a clergyman. Mr Twycott commits social suicide when he marries Sophy, so they move away from North Wessex to London where no one knows about Sophy’s past. Thomas Hardy generates sympathy for Sophy here because she has moved away from her home town and is separated from her family and friends. Also she moves away from her husband to be Sam. Whilst Mr Twycott is alive, Sophy is reasonally content with her lifestyle yet still isn’t quite adjusted to a ‘lady’ life. We see this when her son Randolph corrects her grammar. ‘Surely you know by this time’. When Randolph belittles his mother we feel sympathy for Sophy as this is an unnatural mother and son relationship. ‘His mother hastily adopted the correction, and did not resent his making it..’. Thomas Hardy makes Sophy seem very unconfident and timid towards her own flesh and blood, which makes us feel sympathy for her. Also, Sophy is mostly in a wheel chair due to her ankle injury whist in Wessex. She is unable to walk and on the occasions she does she finds it a struggle. As readers we sympathise with her here because not only is she trapped and out of place in London, she is also trapped in her own home because she cannot walk. Her son Randolph is her aid to getting around and without him she is stuck. Thomas Hardy makes us pity Sophy because she is very vulnerable to her son because he holds the power. Thomas Hardy generally makes us feel sympathy with Sophy because she did not marry her husband out of love, she married him out of respect. ‘Even if she had wished to get away from him she hardly dared refuse a personage’ When her husband dies, Sophy starts to reflect on her former life in the ‘native’ village in North Wessex. During the time period, women were not very well respected so Sophy cannot go to her own husband’s funeral. After a while of not sleeping and reminiscing of her life in Gaymead, it is when she is glancing out the window where she sees the former gardener of Gaymead, Sam. She realises that she misses the way she used to live but she is ‘trapped’ because of Randolph who is a ‘gentlemen.’ So far in the parts we have read, Thomas Hardy generates sympathy for Sophy Twycott by constantly reminding us of her former past and how it would be very hard to go back because of her son.

The Benefits of Full Inclusion of All Students with Learning Disabiliti

Advantages of Inclusion for Disabled Children There are many advantages for children with disabilities, to be placed in a regular classroom setting. First of all, children are spared the effects of being separate and segregated. Sometimes, segregated education can provide negative effects, such as labeling (Wolery, M. and Wilbers, J., 1994). Labeling of a disabled child can be held over their head throughout their education. Also, being separated can make other children have negative attitudes towards them due to them being separated so drastically. Another advantage of inclusion is the disabled child has a competent model to follow. This way the disabled child can learn new adaptive skills. They get the opportunity to learn how to use their existing skills through imitation. Also, they are provided with opportunities to learn more realistic life experiences that prepare them to live in the community. Most importantly, they get the opportunity to develop friendships with typically developing peers (Wolery, M. and Wilber s, J., 1994). Mona Hajjar Halaby, an educator at Park Day School in Oakland states, "The thing that students struggle with most is how to make a friend. How to keep a friend. How to stand up to a friend and how to be a good ally." With Inclusion, disabled children get the opportunity to learn how to do those four things. These are some of the positive effects of inclusion for a disabled child, but in the end it is really up to the disabled child to make the best of his/her schooling, regardless of the circumstances. From the book â€Å"Collective Perspectives on Issues Affecting Learning Disabilities,† it shows that in inclusion the disabled child has many responsibilities. How well the students d... ...n how to approach other children in a positive manner. He has been a problem for other students and has negatively affected the learning environment.† Mrs. Waldron is a teacher at PineHearst Elementary School and feels that the practice of inclu sion can be extremely stressful on teachers and not beneficial to students. Conclusion As one can see, society is pushing for Inclusion in conventional classroom settings. There are many advantages and disadvantages to Inclusion. Really, you have to take each case on an individual basis and see what is best for the disabled child and the non-disabled child in the classroom. Also, one has to take into account if the teacher is prepared to have a disabled child in the classroom. It can be extremely challenging. Many people have different opinions on Inclusion. The question is what are you†¦pro or con inclusion?

Scarlet Letter Notes Ch. 8-10

Scarlet Letter Notes American Lit. ACC Per. 1 9/17/11 Chapters 8-10 Plot- (Chapter 8) Hester and Pearl meet Governor and guests. Governor and Wilson call Pearl a child of Satan or sin? Governor wants to remove Pearl from Hester’s care Hester says she can teach Pearl from her mistakes. Wilson questions Pearl regarding Christian faith. Pearl tries to escape through the window and refuses to answer his questions even though she probably would of gotten them right. Pearl announces she was not made but plucked from the rose bush. Wilson states Pearl should not be with HesterHester argues her case but the governor and Wilson don’t listen to her so she goes to Dimmesdale for help. Dimmesdale comes to her aid and argues her case. Succeeds and Minister and Governor rests the case. Pearl shows a sign of love towards Dimmesdale and he kisses her on her brow in return. Chillingworth tries to get the men to look for the father. Men refuse his plan. Governor’s sister invites H ester to witch’s ceremony. Hester refuses (CHAPTER9) Describes Chillingworth. He left behind his entire identity after he found out that his wife committed adultery.He severed all ties with his past life and created a new identity as the town physician. The people like him because of his vast knowledge of herbs and medicine that he learned from being with native Americans for a long time. Treats Reverend Dimmesdale. People start to wonder if Dimmesdale wants to die or something else after he refuses treatment but later on accepts. Chillingworth scrutinizes Dimmesdale’s actions and finds something suspicious in them. The two men reside in the same house so that Chillingworth can take care of him. Dimmesdale has no interest in marrying any of the townswomen.They have live in two completely different kinds of rooms (holy vs. scientific) People start to wonder about the physician and the more they look at him his face becomes more evil and sooty. They began the theory that the physician was sent by the devil and is fighting a war with Dimmesdale making him sick. (CHAPTER10) CHillingworth wants to find out more about Dimmesdale’s background and his story. The men are talking about burying sin and a heart of sin They hear pearl and Hester outside in the graveyard. Pearl runs away telling her mom that the devil has gotten the minister and she dosent want him to get them too.The two men talk and when the minister falls asleep, Chillingworth opens his shirt and finds something on him and rejoices. Setting- Governor Billingham’s Estate- grand estate filled with pictures of the Governor’s ancestors and decorated with medieval things (ex. The armor) Old English castle like. Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s house- in between the church and the graveyard. Characters- Governor Billingham- old, elderly man who governs the town. Likes Old English things ( his house) John Wilson- strict pastor Hester Prynne- committed adultery and had a b aby, Pearl.Pearl- child of Hester and is accused of being a witch or child of Satan Dimmesdale- town’s reverend, health declining due to pastoral duties Chillingworth- friends with Dimmesdale, been in town for two to three years, physician Conflict- Hester Prynne v. Society- the people want to take away Pearl to educate her in a Christian manner but Hester states that Pearl is better of with her because she can learn from Hester’s mistake. Dimmesdale saves her by arguing her cause. Dimmesdale v Himself: He is described as more ill than before. He keeps his hand to his heart and â€Å"his large dark eyes had a world of pain in heir troubled and melancholy depth† (101). Religion v. Science- There had been many arguments between science and the divine nature. Chillingworth is science driven while Dimmesdale is devoted to God and his religion. This can become a greater conflict later on in the book. Chillingworth v. Dimmesdale- chillingworth is trying to find out th e mystery behind the reverend. Townspeople v. Chillingworth- at first welcome him but then grow weary when his facial features turn evil and deceiving. Symbolism- Pearl- she is a physical representation of the scarlet letter, a constant reminder of Hester’s sin.Saved Hester from becoming a witch after she was granted guardianship of Pearl forever. â€Å"Heavenly Father†- represents the God as the father of everyone and also my theory about Dimmesdale being the father since he is holy and a reverend. The House- it is pretty but it resides on and in between the graveyard and the church kind of like Dimmesdale himself. He is a reverend yet he looks physically dead because of his illness and heartache. Chillingworth- the Devil, from what Hester called him when they talked and what the people and the narrator describe as his changing features (demon-like)

Unfinished King Lear

Good Morning Class. Today I will be talking about Shakespeare’s play â€Å"King Lear†, and how it successfully relates to the modern world, family relationships and the forcefulness of love, and most importantly the themes of madness and blindness to reinforce the concepts of appearance and reality. The play King Lear examines the concept of appearance and reality. The issues of madness and blindness become powerful symbols reinforcing this central concept. The two universal themes, madness and blindness relate to our modern life because in our everyday life we go through this central dilemma and King Lear teaches us to look beyond superficial elements. For example; throughout the whole entire play, King Lear was blinded by the truth as result of his foolishness in which he rejects truth, due to his selfish vanity- He speaks to Cordelia: ‘Nothing will come of nothing’ and ‘Mend your speech a little. Lest it may mar your fortunes’, this suggests that if one does not speak, then one will not reciprocally receive anything. Instead he banishes Cordelia and accepts the lies from his two elder daughters and the Gloucester family that cause the Kingdom and King Lear to lose all its precious values and morals. Madness was one of the most dominant themes in King Lear because throughout the play King Lear goes mad because of the betrayal from his daughters, his loss and how he ruined his fate. For example, when King Lear was told by the fool that his pride lead to a ruined kingdom, Lear was furious and devastated, he became confused and lost all his precious values and morals, this soon left to his downfall. As shown in Act 1 Scene 5 the fool tells Lear that his making bad decisions and that listening to Regan will not be any better than the situation with Goneril. Lear is ignorant and still ignores the wise fools’ opinion and once again Lear is deceived and becomes mad. However, once Lear goes mad he loses his wisdom but reality becomes clearer to him, ironically, Lear is supposedly the wiser person in this play as he is a king with power and responsibility. Nevertheless, the fool which is believed to be childish and juvenile is the one who offers insight and comes up with the important advice. It was Lear’s stubbornness which didn’t let in the advice because he only wanted to hear what sounded pleasant. Shakespeare’s work heavily emphasises the importance of historical contexts in his pieces, in particular the play King Lear where delicacy and creativity played an important role in characterising King Lear and the extraordinary use of themes and language that allowed the play to be successful. Furthermore, this play has also clearly adapted to the modern world because it relates its audience to look into their own souls and consider what it’s like to be a human being, whether it is easy to see through lies or be fooled by them. This is also relevant to every human being in every time and culture because as humans we only accept and take in what we want to hear. Moreover, Shakespeare uses the concept of â€Å"Blindness and Madness† as a central theme and relates to the modern world because it gives us a personal insight into the concept of life, which is the essence of being a human being. King Lear becomes mad and struggles to maintain sanity as he is tormented by the pain endured during his life and the responsibilities held as King and as he questions his daughters’ betrayal of trust that suggests in human life, madness is a natural occurrence when one lacks meaning in life- ‘Ingratitude thou marble-hearted fiend, More hideous, when thou show’st thee in a child than the sea-monster†. This is one of the many examples where Lear is expressing his fury towards himself and his foolishness for believing the lies; he blames himself for ruining his given power of being a king. Another example where Lear is showing the suffering of how vulnerable and his outrage of having an unfaithful daughter is when he quotes: â€Å"How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is, to have a thankless child†. Appearance and Reality was a crucial element in Shakespeare’s play as it is constantly used throughout the whole play, whether it was family or friends. Appearance and Reality is evident in Act 1 Scene 1 when Cordelia doesn’t speak false words because she doesn’t find it in her heart to tell lies just to overrun a kingdom, however, from King Lear’s perspective she seems rude, unfaithful and untrue. Once King Lear banishes Cordelia, the kingdom starts to emotionally fall apart and King Lear loses all his values and morals. For instance, King Lear believes the lies that Goneril and Regan tell because he is vain and enjoys sycophancy, but as Cordelia refuses to speak of lies and tell the truth Lear gets irritated and banishes her from the castle as quoted ‘I am unhappy that I am, I cannot hear my heave my heart into my mouth; I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less’ emphasising the contemplation she has to hereby the words of King Lear as his daughter. Another example of appearance and reality was the love triangle between Edmond, Goneril and Regan. The two evil sisters were both ttracted to Edmund because of the mutual conflict between their two families; Edmund’s wickedness made both sister’s betray each other and in the end all that they were fighting over was worth nothing because the outcome for both sister’s was death. In Shakespeare’s play King Lear, forcefulness of love was a significant and empowering theme as the three daughters are fo rced to recite their love for Lear. However, King Lear is looking for a more over exaggerated and fictitious description of how loyal and faithful Cordelia can be. Cordelia refrains herself from doing so because she isn’t selfish and is honest. In the opening scene Act 1 Scene 1, in the lines â€Å"Then poor Cordelia, And yet not so, since I am sure my love’s more ponderous than my tongue† Family relationships also played a critical role because it showed betrayal, wickedness and Lear’s foolishness in rejecting Cordelia’s true love. However, Cordelia still remained loyal towards Lear despite all his cruelty towards her In Conclusion, King Lear has successfully related itself to the modern world by incorporating the concept of appearance and reality, family relationships, forcefulness of love and blindness and madness.

Youve Got Mail essays

You've Got Mail essays Email has become a societal norm, and is considered to be an acceptable form of communication. Today email is being used across the country by professors, businesses, for personal use, and marketing and advertising. Email can be utilized for many types of conversations or announcements including day to day conversations between friends, memos throughout an office, communication between teacher and student, college campus announcements, marketing for a company, and many more. There are many advantages to using email rather than the telephone or sending a letter via snail mail. Emailing all began with one engineer, Rob Tomlinson, who sent the first email in 1971 and now email has become the number one form of communication in the United States. As with most things there are people that are for and against the use of emails. Nicholas Negroponte who is for the use of email states, One of the enormous attractions of email is that it is not interruptive like a telephone. You can process it at you leisure, and for this reason you may reply to messages that would not stand a chance in hell of getting though the secretarial defenses of corporate, telephonic life. (Negroponte 672) Rather than guessing who is on the other end of the ringing telephone, email allows you to see who sent the message, when it was sent, and the subject. This allows the recipient to decide the importance of each message and reply accordingly. Email also allows for messages to be sent at anytime, unlike using the telephone which could wake up a family or interrupt dinner. Email is exploding in popularity because it is both asynchronous and a computer-readable medium. (Negroponte 672) Email can be used for the delivery of bad news. Psychologists call peoples reluctance to deliver bad news the mum effect. Dreading the task of delivering bad news, people delay and sugarcoat the m ...

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners Learning the basic structure and usage of the past continuous is usually not that difficult for most students. Unfortunately, this is not the case when it comes to actively integrating the past continuous into everyday conversations or written communications. This lesson is aimed at helping students actively use the past continuous in speaking and writing. This is done through the use of the past continuous as a descriptive tense to paint a picture in words of the moment when something important occurred. Aim To increase active usage of the past continuous Activity Speaking activity followed by a gap fill exercise and  creative writing Level Intermediate Outline Begin teaching the past continuous by telling a story with exaggerated details through the use of the past continuous. For example: I remember that day well. The birds were singing, the sun was shining, and the children were playing games peacefully. At that moment, I saw Alex and fell in love. Point out how the past continuous is used to paint a picture of the scene.Quickly review the past continuous structure with the class. Go over differences in usage between the past simple and past continuous. Point out that the past continuous focuses on a specific moment in the past.Write various examples on the board of sentences combining the past simple and past continuous to illustrate the idea of an interrupted past. For example, I was walking through the park when I met David. Ask students to comment on what function the past continuous plays in the example sentences.Have students divide into small groups of 3-4.Ask students to complete the activity by providing an appropriate response with the past continuous to describe an action that was interrupted. Next, have students first conjugate verbs in the past simple to complete the story. Next, ask them to insert past continuous clauses into the appropriate place in the story.Correct this exercise as a class. Make sure to note differences between the past continuous and past simple as you review.Ask students to complete the written exercise focusing on a special day in their lives.Once theyve written their paragraph, ask students to find a partner. Each student should read their paragraph and ask questions to check to understand.   Interrupted Actions Use the verb suggestion to complete the sentence with an appropriate phrase expressing an interrupted action: I (watch) ____________ when her boss called with a job offer.My friends (play) _____________ when they felt the earthquake.When I walked in the door, they children (study) _________________.We (eat) _________________ when we heard the news.My parents (travel) ________________ when I telephoned that I was pregnant.   Use of the Past Continuous in Writing Put the following verbs into the past simple: Thomas _______ (live) in the small town of Brington. Thomas _______ (love) walking through the beautiful forest that surrounded Brington. One evening, he ____ (take) his umbrella and _____ (go) for a walk in the woods. He ______ (meet) an old man named Frank. Frank _______ (tell) Thomas that, if he _____ (want) to become rich, he should invest in a little-known stock called Microsoft. Thomas ______ (think) Frank _____ (be) foolish because Microsoft ____ (be) a computer stock. Everybody _____ (know) that computers _____ (be) just a passing fad. At any rate, Frank _______ (insist) that Thomas _____ (be) wrong. Frank _______ (draw) a wonderful graph of future possibilities. Thomas ______ (begin) thinking that maybe Frank ______ (understand) stocks. Thomas _______ (decide) to buy some of these stocks. The next day, he ______ (go) to the stock brokers and _____ (buy) $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock. That _____ (be) in 1986. Today, that $1,000 is worth more than $250,000! Improve the Story Insert the following past continuous fragments into the above story: As Frank was drawing the graph, ...... while he was walking to work,it was raining, so...While they were discussing the stock, ...When he was returning from his walk, ...As he was walking through the woods, Written Exercise Write a description of an important day in your life. Include the most important events that occurred during that day in the past simple. Once you have written the important events using the past simple, try to include a description of what was happening at some of the specific moments when those events occurred to provide more details.Write out a few questions about your important day.  Make sure to include a few questions in the past continuous. For example, What was I doing when I found out about the job?Find a partner and read your story twice. Next, ask your partner your questions and discuss.Listen to your partners story and answer their questions.

Predictive Policing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Predictive Policing - Research Paper Example Information technology to reduce crime Vs random patrols Reports indicate that the application of information technology greatly assists police departments to take proactive measures against future crimes and thereby reduce crime rates. The recidivism rate for parolees, probationers, and sex offenders is on the rise in the United States and this issue has generated intense public scrutiny. Currently, the US police departments widely use advancements in information technology to optimize their performance and thereby reduce crime rates. Application of Global positioning system or GPS is currently used as an effective way to reduce the rate of recidivism. As Navarro (2007) points out, in Florida, micro global positioning chips are implanted in the body of child sexual predators to monitor them continuously. In addition, micro GPS chips are also used to accurately map the location of parolees and probationers so as to prevent them from committing crimes in future. A network of databases containing historical crime data has been established in the US for enabling police departments to get faster access to past crime information. This system improves the communication between police departments across the country and this strong policing network reduces crimes rates to a great extent. Similarly, application of information technology is of great help for police departments to reduce random patrol of the streets. As discussed earlier, the development of GPS greatly benefited the police to reduce random patrolling.... The satellite based radar system and surveillance camera systems aid US police departments to monitor streets from control rooms. To illustrate, traffic rule violations including over speed and signal jumping are captured and recorded by radar and surveillance camera systems and hence the law violators are identified using their vehicles’ registration numbers. The radar systems are also helpful to observe gangsters and other problem makers. In short, IT assists police departments to prevent crimes effectively without random patrol of the streets. IS functions of COMPSTAT Input, processing, output, and feedback are the four basic IS functions of COMPSTAT, a law enforcement crime fighting strategy adopted by the New York City Police Department. Four IS functions Four COMPSTAT principles Input Accurate and timely intelligence Processing Effective tactics Output Rapid deployment Feedback Relentless follow-up and assessment (Source: Godown, 2009) As the input, computer generated an d other statistical data are collected and gathered timely to present in various formats such as charts, maps, and graphs at COMPSTAT meetings. The process is initiated by timely given accurate information and data. At the primary level, â€Å"information is gathered from an agency’s statistical archives on crimes and arrests† and which is produced to the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting program (Godown, 2009). At the processing stage, effective tactics are developed to manage a particular situation. Once the staff officers are provided with timely and accurate information, they have to design, develop, and implement crime management policies and action plans

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry Research Paper - 1

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry - Research Paper Example The baby boomer turnover ratio varies from organization to organization from high to low; particularly in the hospitality industry the ratio is volatile and affects the overall costs for various companies. High baby boomer turnover ratio can extensively increase the financial implications and performance of a company (O’Dell & Hubert, 2011). Unswerving expenses include staffing, selection, and preparation of new recruits. Much time and costs go to these processes. Circumlocutory expenses include such things as added workloads and overtime costs for coworkers, in addition reduced efficiency associated with small employee self-esteem. According to Levin (2008), there are various probable causes for high baby boomer turnover ratio. Area economic background, and employment market conditions shape general turnover tariffs, and sometimes can be complex to manage. Nevertheless, certain causes related to baby boomer turnover ratio in whichever definite hospitality job or company can be managed. These may include such things as non-competitive payments, high nervous tension, poor working environment, repetitiveness, poor management, lack of communication between the employee and the job, inadequate preparation, and lack of effective communication practices in the company or organization. For hotels human resource management to develop a retention plan, numerous steps ought to be taken into account. First, there is need to asses the modern situations, and measure the baby boomers turnover ratio in their organization. The turnover ratio is always calculated by dividing the quantity of yearly terminations by the average quantity of workers in the work force (Klug, 2009). An organization should also measure the expenses involved in the turnover ratio, develop withholding strategies, and arrange for expected turnover ratio volatility, in the dynamic workforce traditions. Employers are obliged to

International Fast Food Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Fast Food Company - Essay Example In 1953, McDonald’s Fast Foods’ most successful restaurant in Arizona was franchised. Similarly, the restaurant located at California was franchised. The outright success of the McDonald’s was with the entry of Ray Kroc who entered into partnership with Mac and Dick (Love, 2008). He was given the right to expand the franchise. Owing to this new partnership, McDonald’s opened its new branch outside America specifically Richmond Colombia. This was the first ever branch outside America. It is amazingly interesting to note that by 1963 the McDonald’s had more than 100 fast food restaurants worldwide. It was between 1960 through 1970 when significant growth was marked. This may have been due to the massive advertising strategies that were adopted by McDonald’s ads team. Kroc played a major role in advertising McDonald’s products making them the most admirable ads in the world. He also developed the Golden arches logo in 1962. In 1963, McDon ald’s introduced the red haired wit which attracted a massive appeal from children and the youth. Later on as the years progressed, Kroc opted to buy out McDonald’s brothers for a total cost of $2.7 million. 2. Rationale behind Internationalization McDonald’s  international strategy is based on the recognition of the available opportunities in overseas market and not because their home market is already saturated. In fact, McDonalds established franchised markets internationally because it needed to capitalize on available opportunities particularly among the rapidly growing populations in Asia. It is worth noting that while choosing markets McDonalds preferred whose prospects for expansion were optimal. For this reason, McDonalds entered into international markets. When Kroc solely began owning the company, he knew well that the success of McDonald’s fast food company was dependent on its ability to grow rapidly amid an ever widening competitive enviro nment. Therefore, he began to offer franchises. As a result, several franchised McDonald’s opened up in various parts of the world. For instance, one such franchised branch opened up in the U.K. in1986. To date, close to 70% of all McDonald’s outlets worldwide are franchised. Today, McDonald’s boasts of having more than 120 restaurants’ and a customer base of over 60,000 people there was a need to employ intensive franchising as a means of promoting products and building a brand name. 3. Market entry strategy McDonald’s Fast Foods Company envisions placing itself strategically with an aim of becoming a superior performer in the world market. McDonalds’ franchise market entry strategy has always been informed by the customer base and room for expansion. In fact, the company is guided by their interest on low production cost while at the same time guided by their choice to serve their customers at their convenience (Pride & Ferrell, 2012). It prefers the use of franchise because once the market is established, it will be easier to modify and adapt to customer’s local tastes and preferences. McDonalds has used this strategy in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia with success. As mentioned earlier in this discussion,

Strategies of Financial Forecasting at Strident Marks

Strategies of Financial Forecasting at Strident Marks Financial Forecasting Role of Financial Statements Forecasting The role of financial statement forecasting at Strident Marks is to provide expected future financial statements based on conditions that management expects to exist and the action it expects to take. These statements offer financial managers insight into the prospective future financial condition and performance of the company. Financial statement includes income statement and balance sheet. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Development of Income Statement Forecast The income statement forecast is a summary of a Strident Marks expected revenues and expenses over some future period, ending with the net income for the period. The sales forecast is the key to scheduling production and estimating production costs. The detailed analysis of purchases, production based wages and overhead costs helps to produce the most accurate forecasts. The costs of good sold are forecasted on the basis of past ratios of cost of goods sold to sales. Following this the selling, general and administrative expenses are forecasted. The estimates of these expenses are fairly accurate because they are generally calculated in advance. Usually, these expenses are not sensitive to the changes in sale, specifically to the reduction in sales in the very short run. After this other income and expenses along with interest expenses are estimated to obtain the net income before taxes. Next to this income taxes are computed based on the applicable tax rate, which is then deducted to arrive at estimated net income after taxes. All of these are then combined into an income statement. Anticipated dividends are deducted from profit after taxes to give the expected increase in retained earnings. This anticipated increase need to agree with the balance sheet forecast figures that are developed next. Development of Balance Sheet Forecast To prepare balance sheet forecast for a particular period say for June 30, Strident Marks utilizes the balance sheet of the previous December 31. Receivables at June 30 can be estimated by adding to the receivable balance at December 31, the total projected credit sales from January through June (for which the estimation is done) and deducting the total projected credit collection for the particular period. Forecasting Assets: In the absence of cash budget, the receivable balance can be estimated on the basis of a receivable turnover ratio. This ratio, which depicts the relationship between credit sales and receivables, should be based on past experience. To obtain the estimated level of receivables, projected credit sales are simply divided by the turnover ratio. If the sales forecast and turnover ratio are realistic, the method will produce a reasonable approximation of receivable balance. The estimated investment in the inventories for a particular period may be based on the production schedule, which in turn is based on the sales forecast. This schedule should represent expected purchases, the expected use of inventory in the production and the expected level of finished goods. On the basis of this information along with the beginning inventory level, an inventory forecast can be made (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Estimates of future inventory can be based on an inventory turnover ratio, instead of the use of production schedule,. This ratio is applied in the similar manner as for the receivables, except that now we solve for the ending inventory position. Inventory Turnover Ratio = cost of goods sold (Ending) Inventory Future net fixed asset are estimated by adding planned expenditures to existing net fixed assets and subtracting from this sum the book value of any fixed assets sold along with depreciation during the period. Fixed assets are fairly easy to forecast because capital expenditure are planned in advance. Forecasting Liabilities and Shareholder Equity: for instance if the company wants to estimate the liabilities for June 30, the accounts payable are estimated by adding the projected purchases for January through June and deducting total projected cash payments for purchases for the period to the balance of December 31. The calculation of the accrued wages and expenses is based on the production schedule and the historical relationship between these accruals and production. The shareholders equity at June 30 will be equity at December 31 plus profits after taxes for the period minus the amount of dividends paid. Generally cash and notes payable (short term bank borrowings) serve as balancing factors in the preparation of forecast balance sheets, whereby assets and liabilities plus shareholders’ equity are brought into balance. Once all the components of the balance sheet are estimated, they are combined into a balance sheet format. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Importance of Financial Statement Forecast The information that goes into a cash budgets can be used to prepare forecast financial statements. Financial mangers can make direct estimates of all the items on the balance sheet by projecting financial ratios into the future and then making estimates on the basis of these ratios. Receivables, inventories, accounts payable and accrued wages and expenses are frequently based on historical relationships to sales and production when a cash budget is not available. Forecast statements allow us to study the composition of expected future balance sheets and income statements. Financial ratios are computed for analysis of the statements; these ratios and the raw figures may be compared with those for present and past financial statements. Using this information, the financial manager can analyze the direction of change in the financial condition and performance of the company over the past, the present and the future. If the firm is accustomed to making accurate estimates, the preparation of a cash budget, forecast statements or both forces it to plan ahead and to coordinate policy in the various areas of operation. Continual revision of these forecasts keeps the company alert to changing conditions in its environment and in its internal operations. In addition, forecast statements can even be constructed with selected items taking on a range of probable values rather than single point estimates. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Comparison between financial statement forecasting process and budgeting process The budgeting process starts with forecasting of future income statements. These statements are made on monthly or weekly basis and may stretch for twelve months in the future. Both budgeting and forecasting are important management tools that we use to anticipate needs and avoid crisis. (Laura, 2000) Budgeting process gives us information about only the prospective future cash position of the company, whereas forecast statements embody expected estimates of all assets and liabilities as well as of the income statement items. The key differences between budgeting process and forecasting are as follows: The budget obtained by budgeting process is generally more detailed than a forecast. Expenditures are more specifically matched to sources of income in a budget than in a forecast. Budgeting is a tool for management to achieve the objectives, whereas, forecasting is a used by management to formulate the budget. Budgeting is related to future definite period only, whereas, forecasting is related to past, present and future for pure estimation. Budgeting is dependent on forecasting but forecasting is not dependent on the budgeting. The preparation of budgets ids essential to achieve the production targets but the forecasting is essential to prepare a business budget. Budgets are quantitative, whereas, forecasting is qualitative in nature. Budgeting is a business process for management whereas forecasting is a mental process for management. The success of budgeting is dependent on sound forecasting whereas, success of forecasting is dependent on proper use and analysis of scientific and statistical methods. Budgeting process starts after forecasting while the forecasting is a pre process of budgeting. Budgeting is a standard itself whereas forecasting helps in preparing budget as a standard. Budgeting highlights the whole business while the forecasting helps the budget to highlight the business. (Khan, Jain, 2002) References Horne, J.C., Wachowicz, J.M. Bhaduri, S.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Khan, M.Y. Jain, P.K. (2002). Financial Management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Laura, E. (2000). Budgeting for the Future: Why Firms Need to Forecast and Budget Their Cash Flows. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting-reporting/budget-budget-forecasting/622015-1.html

Essay --

Environmental decision-making has become a tool in the hands of communities and NGOs to oppose development projects that may benefit the larger society. Indeed it may be argues that such participation in environmental decision making limits economic progress. Fracking also known as hydro-fracking or hydraulic fracturing is the process of using millions of gallons of water mixed with sand and other variety of chemical commonly known as frack fluid to fracture shale rock thousands of feet below the ground and these fractures open allowing gas to seep back through the drill-hole and be extracted to the surface . It is the process by which natural gas ‘shale’ and oil are extracted from the ground by opening and widening fractures below the earth surface and injecting a mixture of water, chemicals and silica sand at high pressure into drilled wells in the earth to push the natural gas and/or oil onto the surface . Hydrofracking is a stimulation technique used to increase the yield of natural gas wells . In organically rich shale formations such as the Appalachian, Marcellus Shale, natural gas occurs in three ways: within the pore spaces of the shale, within natural vertical fractures or joints in the shale, and adsorbed to mineral grains and organic materials within the shale . Most of the recoverable gas is located in the pore spaces, but because the pores are tiny and insular, extracting gas from them is difficult. Because of shale’s low permeability, the vertical wells traditionally drilled in the Marcellus Shale and others yielded gas at a slow rate . Geologists noticed, however, that the most successful wells shared a common trait: a wellbore that intersects numerous fractures in the shale. These fractures in turn intersect oth... ...n the US has been in practice for a really long time and the percentage of proven environmental impacts caused by fracking are low. In a University of Texas study an estimate of approx. 1 million oil and gas wells have been drilled and fracked. News reports, public debates and environmental groups all have their respective facts and figure of the impact of fracking to the environment. There have been peer-reviewed scientific reports into the potential impacts of fracking but these studies show that risk of leakage for instance is dependent on the quality and integrity of the borehole casing and cement job rather than what is brought about by fracking. Other environmental impacts are dependent on the logistics and extraction plan. 1. Ground water contamination This is the most discussed issue raised about fracking, it is also the most serious environmental concern Essay -- Environmental decision-making has become a tool in the hands of communities and NGOs to oppose development projects that may benefit the larger society. Indeed it may be argues that such participation in environmental decision making limits economic progress. Fracking also known as hydro-fracking or hydraulic fracturing is the process of using millions of gallons of water mixed with sand and other variety of chemical commonly known as frack fluid to fracture shale rock thousands of feet below the ground and these fractures open allowing gas to seep back through the drill-hole and be extracted to the surface . It is the process by which natural gas ‘shale’ and oil are extracted from the ground by opening and widening fractures below the earth surface and injecting a mixture of water, chemicals and silica sand at high pressure into drilled wells in the earth to push the natural gas and/or oil onto the surface . Hydrofracking is a stimulation technique used to increase the yield of natural gas wells . In organically rich shale formations such as the Appalachian, Marcellus Shale, natural gas occurs in three ways: within the pore spaces of the shale, within natural vertical fractures or joints in the shale, and adsorbed to mineral grains and organic materials within the shale . Most of the recoverable gas is located in the pore spaces, but because the pores are tiny and insular, extracting gas from them is difficult. Because of shale’s low permeability, the vertical wells traditionally drilled in the Marcellus Shale and others yielded gas at a slow rate . Geologists noticed, however, that the most successful wells shared a common trait: a wellbore that intersects numerous fractures in the shale. These fractures in turn intersect oth... ...n the US has been in practice for a really long time and the percentage of proven environmental impacts caused by fracking are low. In a University of Texas study an estimate of approx. 1 million oil and gas wells have been drilled and fracked. News reports, public debates and environmental groups all have their respective facts and figure of the impact of fracking to the environment. There have been peer-reviewed scientific reports into the potential impacts of fracking but these studies show that risk of leakage for instance is dependent on the quality and integrity of the borehole casing and cement job rather than what is brought about by fracking. Other environmental impacts are dependent on the logistics and extraction plan. 1. Ground water contamination This is the most discussed issue raised about fracking, it is also the most serious environmental concern

Indo European Migrations

Indo-European pp Migrations pp 42-45 (period 8 pp 54-57) ben hiatt per. 1 9/4/12 1. Linguists noticed that certain language were related called them Indo- European. List the major subgroups of this family of languages. The major subgroups of this family of languages is hindi, farsi and most European languages. 2. Where was the original homeland of the Indo European speakers? The original home land of the indo European speakers is probably the steppe region of modern day Ukraine 3. How did the domestication of horses facilitate the lives of the Indo-Europeans? think migration)it was easier to migrate on horses than to walk on foot. 4. Describe the migration of the I-A’s from 3000BCE to 1000CE. The earliest indo European society began to break up around 3000 bce, and continued the migrations until about 1000 ce. 5. Discuss thoroughly the Hittites. The hitties built a powerful kingdom and establishes a close relationship with the Mesopotamians. They were responsible for light and horse drawn war carriages. 6. Discuss the the two technological innovations of the Hittites.The two technological things the hitties made were light and horse drawn war carriges. Both of which greatly strengthened their society and influenced other peoples societys too. 7. Discuss the eastern migration of the Indo-Aryans. While the hitties were building their empire in Anatolia some indo Europeans were migrating east to central asia. 8. Discuss the Western migrations of the Indo-Aryans. This move west took the indo Aryans west into greeceafter 2200 bce. 9. Discuss the Southern migrations. Another wave of migrations established some indo Europeans in the presence of iran and india.

Human life-span Essay

The answer in my own broad based opinion based on what I have read, is that the term, â€Å"Learning† is a cognitive process of acquiring new concepts and skills, in order to complete a task which in-turn increase’s knowledge and understanding of the subject area to be learnt. In addition, individuals will be able to build on past experiences to identify how a situation could be improved, and then with this knowledge make actual improvements. Furthermore, learning is influenced from the environment in which we find ourselves, which reflects greatly in our behaviour. Moreover, it is continuum throughout the human life-span. In comparison the term, â€Å"Development† refers to the biological process by which a human organism grows and functions through its life-span. Development can be monitored by physical growth, and a marked change in performance which is usually associated with progression of increasing knowledge and skills. Development happens gradually over a period of time, allowing achievements to be built upon and improved, which is similar to the learning process. Development seems to be sequential with age, and I believe what happens in the early stages of development can have a significant affect in the later stages of development. Furthermore, development can be influenced by our own personal experiences within the environment. It is important to understand that there is a clear difference between learning and development. Learning occurs within specific situations and development is linked to functionality and physical growth, however, they are closely related, but have separate meanings. Educational pioneer, Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) urged early year’s educators to respect the sanctity of children learning and developing new skills through this statement: â€Å"We grant space and time to young plants and animals because we know that, in accordance with the laws that live in them, they will develop properly and grow well. Young animals and plants are given rest and arbitrary interference with their growth is avoided, because it is known that the opposite practice would disturb their pure unfolding and sound development; but the young human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a lump of clay which man can mould into what he pleases,† (www. Geocities. com). The origins of learning theory are in an area of philosophy called â€Å"Epistemology,† a field concerned with how we acquire knowledge. Two philosophical traditions emerged from the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. These traditions are nativism, (Plato) and empiricism, (Aristotle). In the early seventeenth century before the beginnings of modern Psychology, there was a philosophical debate between the empiricists and the nativists, known more commonly today as the nature-nurture debate. The nature-nurture debate is another example of determinism. The debate is concerned with what causes something to develop. On one side, nativists see development as arising from innate factors – from inherited characteristics. On the other side, empiricists see development occurring because of experience and learning. British philosopher John Locke, (1632-1704) the founder of empiricism, advanced the hypothesis that children learn primarily from external forces, he implied: â€Å"Without nurture, we are nothing† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p. 761). Empiricists believed that the human infant is born with no skills or knowledge; they refer to the infant as a, â€Å"Tabula rasa,† or â€Å"Blank slate. † The rationale behind this idea is that the knowledge and skills will be, â€Å"Written on† the child by the knowledgeable hand of experience, and influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, the infant will learn through instruction from others, in addition too their own direct experiences, which in-turn will determine their achievements. Nativists (such as Jean- Jacques Rousseau 1712- 1778) in contrast, argue that we are born with innate intelligence, in addition to genetic inheritance which determines intellectual achievement and, to some extent, personality. William Mcdougal, (Nativist- 1908) states: â€Å"The human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive powers of all thought and action, whether individual or collective, and are the bases from which the character and will of individuals and of nations are gradually developed,† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p.761). A modern form of the, (Nurture debate) relating to learning theory was proposed by B. F Skinner (1904-1990) in the form of behaviourism. The Behaviourists believed that human behaviour is learned. Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behaviour, in relation to what we can see, how people react, in addition to how people behave. Behaviour theorists define learning as nothing more than an acquisition of new behaviour. Skinner’s theory is based on the idea that learning occurs through a process of reinforcement. He believes changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events, (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence, for e. g. when children utter sounds and words which are to become their native language, and are greeted with a positive response. This positive response is the reinforcement which encourages the child to repeat the sound of the word, which in turn reinforces learning. Furthermore, behaviourists support the, Transmission Model of learning (Nurture) as the model uses the hand of experience, the knowledgeable adult to nurture the child through the learning process, enabling them to control what learning takes place. The Social Learning theory developed from behaviorism. Albert Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura, (1977) states: â€Å"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. â€Å"

The eNotes Blog 14 (More) of the Most Beautiful Libraries in theWorld

14 (More) of the Most Beautiful Libraries in theWorld Because there are simply far too many beautiful libraries for just one list, we made a second one! Here are 14 (more) beautiful libraries from across the globe. Philological â€Å"Brain† Library at the Free University, Berlin, Germany image via Arch Daily The name speaks for itself: this 800,000 volume-filled library will expand your mind while you read inside its brain-like layout and structure. A brain within a brain†¦ is it brain-ception? Vijećnica, Sarajevo, Bosnia image via Economic Times The National Library in Bosnia’s capital, destroyed in 1992 in the Bosnian War, was recently rebuilt and is said to symbolize the multi-ethnic beauty of Sarajevo. Its breathtaking design features the Neo-Ottoman architectural style. The Library of El Escorial, Madrid Province, Spain image via Buzzfeed Part of the historical residence of the King of Spain, this library is one of the finest in Europe that was built in the style of Western Humanism. The Library of the San Francisco Monastery, Lima, Peru image via TravelPod This library is located in the extravagant San Francisco Monastery in Peru on top of recently discovered catacombs and secret passageways. Spooky! Josà © Vasconcelos Library, Mexico City, Mexico image via Architectural Digest This futuresque library is endearingly referred to as the â€Å"megalibrary.† With a modern design reminiscent of a glass castle, this library is actually five separate libraries melded into one- kind of like library tetris! Hearst Castle Gothic Study, California, USA image via Surreal North America Formerly owned and built by newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Hearst Castle is so exquisite in its design that California named it a National Historic Landmark. You can’t go to this library to study, but you can take an amazing tour through the Hearst Castle. Raza Library, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India image via Ministry of Culture An Indo-Islamic treasure that cultivates intellectualism and the arts, this library is prized for its gorgeous exterior and valuable collection of manuscripts and paintings.   The Tianyi Pavilion Library, Zhejiang Province, China image via CNN Dating back to the Ming Dynasty, this library was built by the national-defense minister during Emperor Jia Jing’s reign. It is the oldest and most historic library in all of Asia and one of the three largest family libraries in the entire world! Impressive! Dokk1 Library, Aarhus, Denmark image via Business Insider This sleek, modern, and minimalist library was built by Schmidt Hammer Lassen architects and literally sits on the Aarhus River. Enjoy your favorite book in this massive space while looking out at the scenic river view. Yangzhou Zhongshuge, Guizhou Province, China image via Wired Stepping into this library feels like stepping into a time portal. The arched bookshelves, reflective floors, and flowing design makes visiting this library a unique, intellectual experience. Library of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt image via Mediterranean Cultures The ancient Library of Alexandria was one of the most significant libraries of the ancient world but was destroyed for unknown reasons somewhere between 48 BCE and 642 CE. In 2002, it was rebuilt and is a great intellectual hub in Egypt. La Sorbonne Library, Paris, France image via Pariszigzag Built in medieval times and evolved to be a part of the University of Paris, this library prides itself on its Law, Philosophy, Medicine, and Science sections- though it has over the years developed great History and French Literature collections as well. National Library of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus image via Architecture and Design Housing the largest collection of printed Belarusian materials and the third largest collection of Russian materials, this 22-floor library is built in the shape of a rhombicuboctahedron (a solid shape with eight triangular and eighteen square faces) and is the main informational and cultural center in Minsk, the capital of Belarus. Joanina Library, Coimbra, Portugal image via Telegraph   Located in the heights of the University of Coimbra, this library packs 200,000 volumes into only 3 floors of space- seems like a tight squeeze! What’s your favorite library? Comment below!

Battle of Okinawa in World War II

Battle of Okinawa in World War II The Battle of Okinawa was one of the largest and costliest military actions during World War II (1939–1945) and lasted between April 1 and June 22, 1945. Forces Commanders Allies Fleet Admiral Chester NimitzAdmiral Raymond SpruanceAdmiral Sir Bruce FraserLieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr.Lieutenant General Roy GeigerGeneral Joseph Stilwell183,000 men Japanese General Mitsuru UshijimaLieutenant General Isamu ChoVice Admiral Minoru Ota100,000 men Background Having island-hopped across the Pacific, Allied forces sought to capture an island near Japan to serve as a base for air operations in support of the proposed invasion of the Japanese home islands. Assessing their options, the Allies decided to land on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Dubbed Operation Iceberg, planning began with Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckners 10th Army tasked with taking the island. The operation was scheduled to move forward following the conclusion of fighting on Iwo Jima which had been invaded in February 1945. To support the invasion at sea, Admiral Chester Nimitz assigned Admiral Raymond Spruances U.S. 5th Fleet (Map). This included the carriers Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force (Task Force 58). Allied Forces For the coming campaign, Buckner possessed nearly 200,000 men. These were contained in Major General Roy Geigers III Amphibious Corps (1st and 6th Marine Divisions) and Major General John Hodges XXIV Corps (7th and 96th Infantry Divisions). In addition, Buckner controlled the 27th and 77th Infantry Divisions, as well as the 2nd Marine Division. Having effectively eliminated the bulk of the Japanese surface fleet at engagements such as the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Spruances 5th Fleet was largely unopposed at sea. As part of his command, he possessed Admiral Sir Bruce Frasers British Pacific Fleet (BPF/Task Force 57). Featuring armored flight decks, the BPFs carriers proved more resistant to damage from Japanese kamikazes and were tasked with providing cover for the invasion force as well as striking enemy airfields in the  Sakishima Islands. Japanese Forces The defense of Okinawa was initially entrusted to General Mitsuru Ushijimas 32nd Army which consisted of the 9th, 24th, and 62nd Divisions and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade. In the weeks before the American invasion, the 9th Division was ordered to Formosa forcing Ushijima to alter his defensive plans. Numbering between 67,000 and 77,000 men, his command was further supported by Rear Admiral Minoru Otas 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy troops at Oroku. To augment his forces further, Ushijima drafted nearly 40,000 civilians to serve as reserve militia and rear-echelon laborers. In planning his strategy, Ushijima intended to mount his primary defense in the southern part of the island and entrusted fighting at the northern end to Colonel Takehido Udo. Additionally, plans were made to employ large-scale kamikaze tactics against the Allied invasion fleet. Campaign at Sea The naval campaign against Okinawa began in late March 1945, as the carriers of the BPF began striking Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands. To the east of Okinawa, Mitschers carrier provided cover from kamikazes approaching from Kyushu. Japanese air attacks proved light the first several days of the campaign but increased on April 6 when a force of 400 aircraft attempted to attack the fleet. The high point of the naval campaign came on April 7 when the Japanese launched Operation Ten-Go. This saw them attempt to run the battleship Yamato through the Allied fleet with the goal of beaching it on Okinawa for use a shore battery. Intercepted by Allied aircraft, Yamato and its escorts were immediately attacked. Struck by multiple waves of torpedo bombers and dive bombers from Mitschers carriers, the battleship was sunk that afternoon. As the land battle progressed, Allied naval vessels remained in the area and were subjected to a relentless succession of kamikaze attacks. Flying around 1,900 kamikaze missions, the Japanese sunk 36 Allied ships, mostly amphibious vessels and destroyers. An additional 368 were damaged. As a result of these attacks, 4,907 sailors were killed and 4,874 were wounded. Due to the protracted and exhausting nature of the campaign, Nimitz took the drastic step of relieving his principal commanders at Okinawa to allow them to rest and recuperate. As result, Spruance was relieved by Admiral William Halsey in late May and Allied naval forces were re-designated the 3rd Fleet. Going Ashore Initial U.S. landings began on March 26 when elements of the 77th Infantry Division captured the Kerama Islands to the west of Okinawa. On March 31, Marines occupied Keise Shima. Only eight miles from Okinawa, the Marines quickly emplaced artillery on these islets to support future operations. The main assault moved forward against the Hagushi beaches on the west coast of Okinawa on April 1. This was supported by a feint against the Minatoga beaches on the southeast coast by the 2nd Marine Division. Coming ashore, Geiger and Hodges men quickly swept across the south-central part of the island capturing the Kadena and Yomitan airfields (Map). Having encountered light resistance, Buckner ordered the 6th Marine Division to begin clearing the northern part of the island. Proceeding up the Ishikawa Isthmus, they battled through rough terrain before encountering the main Japanese defenses on the Motobu Peninsula. Centered on the ridges of Yae-Take, the Japanese mounted a tenacious defense before being overcome on April 18. Two days earlier, the 77th Infantry Division landed on the island of Ie Shima offshore. In five days of fighting, they secured the island and its airfield. During this brief campaign, famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle was killed by Japanese machine gun fire. Grinding South Though fighting in the northern part of the island was concluded in fairly rapid fashion, the southern part proved a different story. Though he did not expect to defeat the Allies, Ushijima sought to make their victory as costly as possible. To this end, he had constructed elaborate systems of fortifications in the rugged terrain of southern Okinawa. Pushing south, Allied troops fought a bitter battle to capture Cactus Ridge on April 8, before moving against Kakazu Ridge. Forming part of Ushijimas Machinato Line, the ridge was a formidable obstacle and an initial American assault was repulsed (Map). Counterattacking, Ushijima sent his men forward on the nights of April 12 and 14, but was turned back both times. Reinforced by the 27th Infantry Division, Hodge launched a massive offensive on April 19 backed by the largest artillery bombardment (324 guns) employed during the island-hopping campaign. In five days of brutal fighting, U.S. troops forced the Japanese to abandon the Machinato Line and fall back to a new line in front of Shuri. As much of the fighting in the south had been conducted by Hodges men, Geigers divisions entered the fray in early May. On May 4, Ushijima again counterattacked, but heavy losses caused him to halt his efforts the next day. Achieving Victory Making skillful use of caves, fortifications, and the terrain, the Japanese clung to the Shuri Line limiting Allied gains and inflicting high losses. Much of the fighting centered on heights known as Sugar Loaf and Conical Hill. In heavy fighting between May 11 and 21, the 96th Infantry Division succeeded in taking the latter and flanking the Japanese position. Taking Shuri, Buckner pursued the retreating Japanese but was hampered by heavy monsoon rains. Assuming a new position on the Kiyan Peninsula, Ushijima prepared to make his last stand. While troops eliminated the IJN forces at Oroku, Buckner pushed south against the new Japanese lines. By June 14, his men had begun to breach Ushijimas final line along the Yaeju Dake Escarpment. Compressing the enemy into three pockets, Buckner sought to eliminate enemy resistance. On June 18, he was killed by enemy artillery while at the front. Command on the island passed to Geiger who became the only Marine to oversee large formations of the U.S. Army during the conflict. Five days later, he turned command over to General Joseph Stilwell.   A veteran of the fighting in China, Stilwell saw the campaign through until its finish. On June 21, the island was declared secure, though fighting lasted another week as the last Japanese forces were mopped up. Defeated, Ushijima committed hara-kiri on June 22. Aftermath One of the longest and costliest battles of the Pacific Theater, Okinawa saw American forces sustain 49,151 casualties (12,520 killed), while the Japanese incurred 117,472 (110,071 killed). In addition, 142,058 civilians became casualties. Though effectively reduced to a wasteland, Okinawa quickly became a key military asset for the Allies as it provided a key fleet anchorage and troop staging areas. In addition, it gave the Allies airfields that were only 350 miles from Japan. Selected Sources U.S. Army: Okinawa - The Last BattleHistoryNet: Battle of OkinawaGlobal Security: Battle of OkinawaU.S. Army: Okinawa - The Last Battle